The Foundations of the Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin
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The Foundations of the Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin
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We know from the contents of Charles Darwin’s Note Book of 1837 that he was at that time a convinced Evolutionist. Nor can there be any doubt that, when he started on board the Beagle, such opinions as he had were on the side of immutability. When therefore did the current of his thoughts begin to set in the direction of Evolution?We have first to consider the factors that made for such a change. On his departure in 1831, Henslow gave him vol. I. of Lyell's Principles, then just published, with the warning that he was not to believe what he read. But believe he did, and it is certain (as Huxley has forcibly pointed out) that the doctrine of uniformitarianism when applied to Biology leads of necessity to Evolution. If the extermination of a species is no more catastrophic than the natural death of an individual, why should the birth of a species be any more miraculous than the birth of an individual? It is quite clear that this thought was vividly present to Darwin when he was writing out his early thoughts in the 1837 Note Book:—“Propagation explains why modern animals same type as extinct, which is law almost proved. They die, without they change, like golden pippins; it is a generation of species like generation of individuals.”“If species generate other species their race is not utterly cut off.”These quotations show that he was struggling to see in the origin of species a process just as scientifically comprehensible as the birth of individuals.
The Foundations of the Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin- Published on: 2015-06-27
- Released on: 2015-06-27
- Format: Kindle eBook
About the Author Charles Darwin was an English naturalist and author best-known for his revolutionary theories on the origin of species, human evolution, and natural selection. A life-long interest in the natural world led Darwin to neglect his medical studies and instead embark on a five-year scientific voyage on the HMS Beagle, where he established his reputation as a geologist and gathered much of the evidence that fuelled his later theories.A prolific writer, Darwin s most famous published works include The Voyage of the Beagle, On the Origin of Species, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, and The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin died in 1882, and in recognition of his contributions to science, is buried in Westminster Abbey along with John Herschel and Isaac Newton.
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3 of 3 people found the following review helpful. The Origins of Darwin's "Origin" By P. Webster Darwin probably started thinking seriously about "transmutation" on the last stretch of his Beagle voyage in 1836. He certainly opened his first notebook on the subject in 1837, and the idea of natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionary change came to him, after reading Malthus, in 1838.In 1842 he wrote what he called the "pencil sketch of my species theory", and in 1844 he wrote a fuller and more polished version, which he wanted published in the event of his death. These two essays are reproduced in this excellent book. They show that all the key ideas that Darwin made public in 1859 in "On the Origin of Species" had already been developed by him much earlier.Anyone who is tempted to take seriously the ridiculous conspiracy theory which claims that Darwin stole the theory of natural selection from Alfred Russel Wallace should read this book. Wallace certainly deserves credit for independently coming up with the same idea, but Wallace himself was always happy to play second fiddle to Darwin. For example, in 1908 Wallace made a speech to the Linnaean Society in which he explicitly defended Darwin's priority, pointing out that "...the idea occurred to Darwin in October 1838, nearly twenty years earlier than to myself (in February 1858); and that during the whole of that twenty years he had been laboriously collecting evidence..."Darwin seems to have delayed publishing for two reasons. Firstly, he wanted to establish himself as a serious scientist and to accumulate a mass of evidence in support of the theory before going into print. And secondly, he was nervous of the trouble it would stir up, especially in the pre-1850 period when social upheavals and Chartist radicals were associated with the idea of evolution.This book also shows that an error that Darwin made can also be traced back to these two early essays. Despite coming up with natural selection as the mechanism for evolution, Darwin mistakenly gave a subsidiary role to the Lamarckian idea of the inheritance of acquired characteristics. There are a few Lamarckian lapses in "On the Origin of Species"; and "The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals", for example, is full of them.Here in the 1844 essay Darwin writes: "There is reason to believe that when long exercise has given to certain muscles great development, or disuse has lessened them, that such development is also inherited."But why should we expect Darwin's thinking to be perfect? Nothing was known of modern genetics at that time. Darwin is one of my heroes; but he is a flawed hero, and that makes him all the more appealing.Finally, we can even trace back to the 1842 sketch, almost word-for-word, the well-known ending of "On the Origin of Species". The 1842 version is:"There is a simple grandeur in the view of life with its powers of growth, assimilation and reproduction, being originally breathed into matter under one or a few forms, and that whilst this our planet has gone circling on according to fixed laws, and land and water, in a cycle of change, have gone on replacing each other, that from so simple an origin, through the process of gradual selection of infinitesimal changes, endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been evolved."Phil Webster.(England)
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